![]() ![]() They include NAC domain-containing transcription factors, DRE/CRT-binding transcription factors (DREBs/CBFs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), stress-associated proteins (SAPs), and heat shock factor/proteins (HSPs/HSF). Some key modulators of stress responses have been characterized and have emerged as appropriate targets to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in many plants. Plants utilize complex molecular mechanisms that regulate patterns of gene expression to protect themselves against these stresses. The growth, development, and survival of plants is constantly challenged by a variety of biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Our results demonstrate that the SAP genes are highly conserved in plant species, and that MdSAP15 can be used as a target gene in genetic engineering approaches to improve drought tolerance. A transgenic analysis showed that the overexpression of MdSAP15 in transgenic Arabidopsis plants markedly enhanced their tolerance to osmotic and drought stresses. Comprehensive qRT-PCR analysis found various expression patterns for MdSAPs in different tissues and in response to a water deficit. ![]() Results from sequence alignments and analyses of 3D structures, phylogenetics, genomics structure, and conserved domains indicated that apple SAPs are highly and structurally conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major groups within that family. We identified 30 SAP genes in the apple genome. We conducted a genome-wide analysis and cloning of this gene family in apple and determined that the overexpression of MdSAP15 enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis plants. However, the SAP gene family and their biological functions have not been identified in the important fruit crop apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.). Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) are novel A20/AN1 zinc finger domain-containing proteins that are now favorable targets to improve abiotic stress tolerance in plants. ![]()
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